[10] Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra ostendimus, sed tamen multa Caesarem ad id bellum incitabant: iniuria retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum coniuratio, in primis ne hac parte neglecta reliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur.

Eng: There were indeed the challenges of waging this war, as previously outlined, but many factors urged Caesar on: the mistreatment of Roman horsemen who were held back, the rebellion that followed their surrender, the betrayal after giving hostages, the alliance of numerous states, and above all, the fear that if this region were neglected, other nations would think they could do the same.

华文: 这些战争的困难，正如我们在前面已经表明的那样，但仍然有很多事情激励着凯撒去打这场战争：罗马骑兵被扣留的冤屈，投降后的叛乱，交出的人质叛变，众多城邦的反叛，尤其是为了不让其他民族认为他们在这方面被忽视。

Commentary: The Veneti's rebellion against Rome occurred even after their formally surrendered. This breach of trust and defiance of Roman authority was a significant provocation.

Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et condicionem servitutis odisse, prius quam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit.

Eng: Therefore, since he understood that almost all the Gauls were enthusiastic about new circumstances and easily and quickly roused for war, and since all people by nature desire freedom and despise the condition of servitude, he believed he should act before more states joined the conspiracy, and he decided to divide his forces and spread his army more widely.

华文: 因此，凯撒认识到几乎所有的高卢人都对新局势产生了浓厚的兴趣，愿意迅速投入战争，而人们自然而然地倾向于追求自由，憎恶奴役的境遇，为了避免更多的城邦参与反叛，他决定要把自己的军队分散开。

Commentary: "conspiratione civitatum," translates to "conspiracy of states" or "league of states."

[11] Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximi flumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat atque in officio contineat Germanosque, qui auxilio a Belgis arcessiti dicebantur, si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, prohibeat. P. Crassum cum cohortibus legionariis XII et magno numero equitatus in Aquitaniam proficisci iubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae nationes coniungantur.

Eng: Thus, he sent his legate, Titus Labienus, to the Treveri, who are the closest to the River Rhine, along with the cavalry. He instructed Labienus to visit the Remi and the other Belgae and keep them loyal. He should also prevent the Germanic forces, who were reportedly summoned for help by the Belgae, from attempting to cross the river by force. He ordered Publius Crassus to march into Aquitania with twelve cohorts of legionaries and a large number of cavalry to prevent any reinforcements from being sent to Gaul from these regions and to avoid the alliance of such powerful nations.

华文: 因此，他派遣了军团骑兵，由托图夸劝走的司令官T. Labienus率领，前往特里维罗人的地方，他们靠近莱茵河。他命令Labienus与雷姆人和其他的比尔格人保持联系，并尽量让他们保持忠诚。如果德国人试图通过武力搭乘船只过河，就要制止他们。他命令P. Crassus率领12个军团队的队伍和大量骑兵前往阿奎坦地，以防这些国家向高卢派遣援军，进一步加强联盟。

Commentary: In the phrase "si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, prohibeat," the subjunctive mood is used to express a conditional action. Caesar is instructing Labienus to prevent the Germans from crossing the river, but only if they attempt to do so forcibly. The subjunctive mood is frequently used in Latin to express uncertainty or hypothetical situations.

Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Coriosolites Lexoviosque mittit, qui eam manum distinendam curet. D. Brutum adulescentem classi Gallicisque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenire iusserat, praeficit et, cum primum possit, in Venetos proficisci iubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copiis contendit.

Eng: He sends Quintus Titurius Sabinus, his legate, with three legions to the Venelli, Coriosolites, and Lexovii to deal with that force. He assigns the young Decimus Brutus to command the Gallic fleet and the ships gathered from the Pictones, Santones, and other subdued regions. He orders him to set forth to the Veneti as soon as he can. Caesar himself advances there with his infantry forces.

华文: 他派遣Q. Titurium Sabinum，一名军团司令官，率领三支军团前往Venelli、Curiosolites和Lexovii，以确保对方的力量分散。同时，他指派年轻将领D. Brutus指挥高卢的舰队和来自Pictones、Santones等已被平定地区的船只。他要求D. Brutus在第一时间前往Veneti。他自己则率领步兵前往那里。

Commentary: While often overshadowed by the Roman legions, the Roman navy was a formidable force. Caesar's ability to coordinate naval operations demonstrates the extent of Roman maritime expertise.

[12] Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum ut posita in extremis lingulis promunturiisque neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alto se aestus incitavisset, quod [bis] accidit semper horarum XII spatio, neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis adflictarentur. Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio impediebatur.

Eng: The situation of the towns was such that they were situated on narrow strips of land on promontories, with no access by foot when the tide was high, which occurred twice in every twelve hours, and no access by ships when the tide was low, as the ships would be stranded on the sandbanks. This hindered the assault on the towns in both ways.

华文: 这些城镇的位置几乎都位于海角和半岛上，一方面因为潮汐的原因，它们在低潮时通常无法步行到达（每天发生两次，每次大约持续12小时），另一方面船只也无法靠岸，因为潮水退去后，船只容易搁浅。这两个因素都妨碍了对这些城镇的围攻。

Commentary: Geographical challenges were posed by the locations of the towns (oppida). They were often situated on narrow tongues of land (lingulis) or promontories, which made them difficult to access.

Ac si quando magnitudine operis forte superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi moenibus adaequatis, suis fortunis desperare coeperant, magno numero navium adpulso, cuius rei summam facultatem habebant, omnia sua deportabant seque in proxima oppida recipiebant: ibi se rursus isdem oportunitatibus loci defendebant.

Eng: And if, at times, they were somehow overcome by the magnitude of the work, and when the sea was driven back by the causeway and the huge mounds had reached the town's walls, and they began to despair of their fate, they had a great number of ships at their disposal. With these, they transported all their belongings and took refuge in the nearest towns. There they would defend themselves again with the same advantages of the terrain.

华文: 当可能情况下，一旦攻城的工程超出了他们的力量，当海水排退，将土垒和壁垒推倒，城墙被摧毁后，他们将大量船只开进，并将所有财产运出，然后撤退到附近的城镇，再次利用相同的地理条件来自我保卫。

Commentary: Building causeways (aggere) and massive earthworks (molibus) in an attempt to breach or bypass city walls was a common strategy in ancient warfare.

Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant quod nostrae naves tempestatibus detinebantur summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus difficultas navigandi.

Eng: They were able to do this during a significant part of the summer more easily because our ships were being held back by storms, and there were great tides, with few and almost no harbors, making navigation difficult in the vast and open sea.

华文: 这一点更容易实现，因为我们的船只由于恶劣的天气而被困住，而在辽阔而无遮挡的海洋上，受到巨大的潮汐影响，港口稀少，导致航行困难。

Commentary: The mention of "magnis aestibus" indicates that astronomical factors like tides likely played a role in complicating navigation. he reference to "magnam partem aestatis" (a significant portion of the summer) indicates that these challenges were prevalent during a specific season.