[1] Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur.

Eng: All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgians inhabit, the Aquitani another, and those who in their own language are called Celts, in ours Gauls, the third.

华文: 高卢亚被分成三部分，其中一部分被比利时人居住，另一部分被阿基坦人居住，第三部分被他们自己的语言所称的塞尔特人居住，而我们称之为高卢人。

Commentary: Gaul is known as modern day France, the first line "Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres" is famous and often quoted in Latin studies as an example of clear and simple sentence structure. The line has inspired countless parodies and adaptations, including one by the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, who used it as the opening line of his "Treatise on the Astrolabe."

Hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.

Eng: All these differ from each other in language, customs, and laws. The Garonne River separates the Gauls from the Aquitanians, while the Marne and the Seine separate them from the Belgians.

华文: 所有这些[部族]在语言、习俗和法律方面都有所不同。加龙河把高卢人和阿基坦人分开，而马恩河和塞纳河把他们与比利时人分开。

Commentary: The sentence's emphasis on the differences between the tribes is notable because Caesar would use these divisions to his advantage in his military conquests, playing different tribes off each other and using their rivalries to gain strategic advantages.

Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important, proximique sunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt.

Eng: Of all these, the bravest are the Belgians, because they are farthest from the culture and civilization of the Province, and least often visited by merchants importing those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are bordering on the Germans, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war.

华文: 所有这些人中最勇敢的是比利时人，因为他们离这个省的文化和文明最远，很少有商人来进口那些会使思维软弱的东西。而且他们与居住在莱茵河以外的德国人相邻，他们与德国人不断地进行战争。

Commentary: Julius Caesar's description of the Belgians as the bravest of all the tribes is likely an exaggeration intended to emphasize the difficulty of conquering them. The reference to "those things which tend to effeminate the mind" may be interpreted as a criticism of luxury goods and a promotion of Roman values of simplicity and austerity. The mention of the Germans beyond the Rhine indicates the geographical and cultural context of the tribes in Gaul at the time of Caesar's conquest.

Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt.

Eng: For this reason, too, the Helvetii surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their territories.

华文: 由于这个原因，赫尔维蒂人也比其他的高卢人更为勇敢，因为他们几乎每天都在与日耳曼人作战，或是为了防御自己的领土而战斗，或是直接进攻敌人的领土。

Commentary: The Latin phrase "Qua de causa" means "for this reason" or "because of this," and is often used in academic or legal writing to introduce a supporting argument or explanation.

Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, initium capit a flumine Rhodano, continetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum, attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, vergit ad septentriones.

Eng: One part of them, which is said to be inhabited by the Gauls, begins from the river Rhône, is bounded by the Garonne river, the Atlantic Ocean, and the territories of the Belgians, and also touches the Rhine river, from the territories of the Sequani and the Helvetii, and extends towards the north.

华文: 这些人中，其中一部分据说是高卢人居住的地方，始于罗讷河，以加龙河、大西洋和比利时的领土为边界，也接触了来自塞库安人和赫尔维蒂人领土的莱茵河，向北延伸。

Commentary: The sentence mentions the Rhone River as the starting point of the region called "Gauls," which is a reference to the Celtic tribes that inhabited modern-day France, Switzerland, and parts of Italy and Germany during Caesar's time.

The boundaries of the "Gauls" region, the Garonne River to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south, the territories of the Belgians to the north, and the Rhine River to the east gives an idea of the vast extent of the region that Caesar was referring to.

Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.

Eng: The Belgians originate from the furthest borders of Gaul, belong to the lower part of the River Rhine, face towards the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the Garonne River to the Pyrenees Mountains and the part of the Ocean which is towards Spain; it lies between the setting sun and the north.

华文: 比利时人起源于高卢的最远边境，属于莱茵河下游地区，面向北方和东升的太阳。阿基坦地区从加龙河一直延伸到比利牛斯山脉和面向西班牙的海洋一带；它位于日落和北方之间。

Commentary: The descriptions in these passages provide insight into the diversity of Gaul during the time of Julius Caesar and highlight the importance of geography in shaping the cultural and political identities of the various regions.